HKU professor apologizes after PhD student’s AI-assisted paper cites fabricated sources.
Updated
January 8, 2026 6:33 PM
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The University of Hong Kong in Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong Island. PHOTO: ADOBE STOCK
It’s no surprise that artificial intelligence, while remarkably capable, can also go astray—spinning convincing but entirely fabricated narratives. From politics to academia, AI’s “hallucinations” have repeatedly shown how powerful technology can go off-script when left unchecked.
Take Grok-2, for instance. In July 2024, the chatbot misled users about ballot deadlines in several U.S. states, just days after President Joe Biden dropped his re-election bid against former President Donald Trump. A year earlier, a U.S. lawyer found himself in court for relying on ChatGPT to draft a legal brief—only to discover that the AI tool had invented entire cases, citations and judicial opinions. And now, the academic world has its own cautionary tale.
Recently, a journal paper from the Department of Social Work and Social Administration at the University of Hong Kong was found to contain fabricated citations—sources apparently created by AI. The paper, titled “Forty Years of Fertility Transition in Hong Kong,” analyzed the decline in Hong Kong’s fertility rate over the past four decades. Authored by doctoral student Yiming Bai, along with Yip Siu-fai, Vice Dean of the Faculty of Social Sciences and other university officials, the study identified falling marriage rates as a key driver behind the city’s shrinking birth rate. The authors recommended structural reforms to make Hong Kong’s social and work environment more family-friendly.
But the credibility of the paper came into question when inconsistencies surfaced among its references. Out of 61 cited works, some included DOI (Digital Object Identifier) links that led to dead ends, displaying “DOI Not Found.” Others claimed to originate from academic journals, yet searches yielded no such publications.
Speaking to HK01, Yip acknowledged that his student had used AI tools to organize the citations but failed to verify the accuracy of the generated references. “As the corresponding author, I bear responsibility”, Yip said, apologizing for the damage caused to the University of Hong Kong and the journal’s reputation. He clarified that the paper itself had undergone two rounds of verification and that its content was not fabricated—only the citations had been mishandled.
Yip has since contacted the journal’s editor, who accepted his explanation and agreed to re-upload a corrected version in the coming days. A formal notice addressing the issue will also be released. Yip said he would personally review each citation “piece by piece” to ensure no errors remain.
As for the student involved, Yip described her as a diligent and high-performing researcher who made an honest mistake in her first attempt at using AI for academic assistance. Rather than penalize her, Yip chose a more constructive approach, urging her to take a course on how to use AI tools responsibly in academic research.
Ultimately, in an age where generative AI can produce everything from essays to legal arguments, there are two lessons to take away from this episode. First, AI is a powerful assistant, but only that. The final judgment must always rest with us. No matter how seamless the output seems, cross-checking and verifying information remain essential. Second, as AI becomes integral to academic and professional life, institutions must equip students and employees with the skills to use it responsibly. Training and mentorship are no longer optional; they’re the foundation for using AI to enhance, not undermine, human work.
Because in this age of intelligent machines, staying relevant isn’t about replacing human judgment with AI, it’s about learning how to work alongside it.
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A closer look at the tech, AI, and open ecosystem behind Tien Kung 3.0’s real-world push
Updated
February 18, 2026 8:03 PM

Humanoid robots working in a warehouse. PHOTO: ADOBE STOCK
Humanoid robotics has advanced quickly in recent years. Machines can now walk, balance, and interact with their surroundings in ways that once seemed out of reach. Yet most deployments remain limited. Many robots perform well in controlled settings but struggle in real-world environments. Integration is often complex, hardware interfaces are closed, software tools are fragmented, and scaling across industries remains difficult.
Against this backdrop, X-Humanoid has introduced its latest general-purpose platform, Embodied Tien Kung 3.0. The company positions it not simply as another humanoid robot, but as a system designed to address the practical barriers that have slowed adoption, with a focus on openness and usability.
At the hardware level, Embodied Tien Kung 3.0 is built for mobility, strength, and stability. It is equipped with high-torque integrated joints that provide strong limb force for high-load applications. The company says it is the first full-size humanoid robot to achieve whole-body, high-dynamic motion control integrated with tactile interaction. In practice, this means the robot is designed to maintain balance and execute dynamic movements even in uneven or cluttered environments. It can clear one-meter obstacles, perform consecutive high-dynamic maneuvers, and carry out actions such as kneeling, bending, and turning with coordinated whole-body control.
Precision is also a focus. Through multi-degree-of-freedom limb coordination and calibrated joint linkage, the system is designed to achieve millimeter-level operational accuracy. This level of control is intended to support industrial-grade tasks that require consistent performance and minimal error across changing conditions.
But hardware is only part of the equation. The company pairs the robot with its proprietary Wise KaiWu general-purpose embodied AI platform. This system supports perception, reasoning, and real-time control through what the company describes as a coordinated “brain–cerebellum” architecture. It establishes a continuous perception–decision–execution loop, allowing the robot to operate with greater autonomy and reduced reliance on remote control.
For higher-level cognition, Wise KaiWu incorporates components such as a world model and vision-language models (VLM) to interpret visual scenes, understand language instructions, and break complex objectives into structured steps. For real-time execution, a vision-language-action (VLA) model and full autonomous navigation system manage obstacle avoidance and precise motion under variable conditions. The platform also supports multi-agent collaboration, enabling cross-platform compatibility, asynchronous task coordination, and centralized scheduling across multiple robots.
A central part of the platform is openness. The company states that the system is designed to address compatibility and adaptation challenges across both development and deployment layers. On the hardware side, Embodied Tien Kung 3.0 includes multiple expansion interfaces that support different end-effectors and tools, allowing faster adaptation to industrial manufacturing, specialized operations, and commercial service scenarios. On the software side, the Wise KaiWu ecosystem provides documentation, toolchains, and a low-code development environment. It supports widely adopted communication standards, including ROS2, MQTT, and TCP/IP, enabling partners to customize applications without rebuilding core systems.
The company also highlights its open-source approach. X-Humanoid has open-sourced key components from the Embodied Tien Kung and Wise KaiWu platforms, including the robot body architecture, motion control framework, world model, embodied VLM and cross-ontology VLA models, training toolchains, the RoboMIND dataset, and the ArtVIP simulation asset library. By opening access to these elements, the company aims to reduce development costs, lower technical barriers, and encourage broader participation from researchers, universities, and enterprises.
Embodied Tien Kung 3.0 enters a market where technical progress is visible but large-scale adoption remains uneven. The gap is not only about movement or strength. It is about integration, interoperability, and the ability to operate reliably and autonomously in everyday industrial and commercial settings. If platforms can reduce fragmentation and simplify deployment, humanoid robots may move beyond demonstrations and into sustained commercial use.
In that sense, the significance of Embodied Tien Kung 3.0 lies less in isolated technical claims and more in how its high-dynamic hardware, embodied AI system, open interfaces, and collaborative architecture are structured to work together. Whether that integrated approach can close the deployment gap will shape how quickly humanoid robotics becomes part of real-world operations.